The beat corresponds to the difference between the two frequencies (in this case 40 Hz). ![]() Monaural beats are physical beats, which are objectively heard when the combination of two sine waves at neighboring frequencies (e.g., 400 and 440 Hz) are summated and presented to each ear at the same time resulting in an amplitude modulated (AM) signal. Monaural and binaural beats are generated when sine waves of neighboring frequencies and with stable amplitudes are presented to either both ears simultaneously (monaural beats) or to each ear separately (binaural beats). The main differences between binaural and monaural beats are listed in Table 1. The effects of ABS have been predominantly investigated using monaural and binaural beats (Figure 1). During the construction of the manuscript, several other references were added, mainly referring to basic neurophysiological findings. ![]() After screening, a total of 30 articles were selected. Abstracts were screened for relevance and then full texts were assessed against inclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria were other study designs (case reports and case series), non-original studies including editorials, book reviews, and letters to the editor, and studies not specifically designed and focused on monaural and/or binaural-beat stimulation. Manuscripts in English, original articles, and experimental studies were considered. Articles that presented a combination of at least two terms from the list of search terms, “auditory beat stimulation, monaural beat, binaural beat, cognition, memory, attention, mood, vigilance, anxiety and creativity” were included. Analysis of the papers followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria recommended by the PRISMA Guidelines. A total of 920 articles were identified in the initial search. In addition to the electronic search strategy, the reference lists of the manuscripts that were reviewed were examined to identify any additional articles not captured by the main search strategy. The electronic databases PubMed and MEDLINE were searched initially using the single search terms “auditory beat stimulation, monaural beat, binaural beat, auditory steady-state response,” and then the combination of these search terms with the terms “cognition, memory, attention, mood, vigilance, anxiety, and creativity.” The strategy was not limited to human studies. This review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria ( 6). Here, we review relevant studies and look to highlight the most promising directions for future approaches. Resulting studies have reported contradictory findings as to the effects of applied monaural-beat frequencies and binaural-beat frequencies, which have somewhat hampered the progress of further investigations addressing potential effects on cognition and mood effects amongst other possible targets. Other clinical targets also include traumatic brain injury ( 4) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( 5). In addition to this, a few studies also suggest that ABS can be used to modulate cognition ( 2), to reduce anxiety levels, as well as to enhance mood states ( 3). We aim to highlight important points concerning stimulation parameters and try to address why there are often contradictory findings with regard to the outcomes of ABS.Īuditory beat stimulation (ABS) has long been of interest for a wide array of applications, ranging from investigating the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) and measuring audiometric parameters in the brain, to understanding mechanisms of sound localization ( 1). Focusing on binaural-beat stimulation, we then discuss the role of monaural- and binaural-beat frequencies in cognition and mood states, in addition to their efficacy in targeting disease symptoms. We have summarized relevant studies investigating the neurophysiological changes related to ABS and how they impact upon the design of appropriate stimulation protocols. ![]() ![]() We give a brief overview of research on auditory steady-state responses and its relationship to auditory beat stimulation (ABS). Here, we aim to review the literature examining the most current applications of auditory beat stimulation and its targets. Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanyĪuditory beat stimulation may be a promising new tool for the manipulation of cognitive processes and the modulation of mood states.Leila Chaieb* Elke Caroline Wilpert Thomas P.
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